THE GALAXY AND THE LIVING WORLD

🌑 मानसिकता का दंश: जब अपमान, आत्म-सम्मान का अपहरण करता है जब कोई हमें अनावश्यक रूप से परेशान करने के उद्देश्य से पक्षपाती रवैया किसी अन्य को फायदा पहुंचाने के लिए कुचक्र रचता है तो यह एक विशेष स्थिति का निर्माण करती है। पक्षपाती रवैया और अनावश्यक शोषण यह स्थिति ऐसी पीड़ा बनाती है जो दिखाई नहीं देती, किंतु अंतरात्मा तक गहरा प्रभाव डालती हैं—किसी शक्तिशाली सत्ता द्वारा बार-बार किया गया अनावश्यक अपमान और सुनियोजित पक्षपात। यह केवल भावनात्मक आघात नहीं है; यह व्यक्ति के मानसिक, मनोवैज्ञानिक और शारीरिक अस्तित्व पर प्रहार है, जो आत्मविश्वास के किले को ध्वस्त कर देता है। इस विषाक्त परिदृश्य में, यह समझना आवश्यक है कि आक्रमणकर्ता का आशय क्या है, और पीड़ित अपना आत्म-मूल्य कैसे बचा सकता है? 👺 शक्ति के पीछे छिपा आक्रमणकर्ता: उनके इरादों का मनोवैज्ञानिक विच्छेदन जब कोई श्रेष्ठ या ताकतवर व्यक्ति बिना किसी वैध कारण के अपमान का बाण चलाता है, तो यह कृत्य उसकी अपनी कमज़ोरी का प्रमाण होता है। उनके आशय, जो अक्सर दुर्भावनापूर्ण होते हैं, उनकी आंतरिक विकृतियों को दर्शाते हैं:  * असुरक्षा की छाया (The ...

  *Q: What is Constitution Day?* A: Constitution Day is celebrated on November 26th to commemorate the adoption of the Constitution of India. *Q: Who drafted the Constitution of India?* A: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Drafting Committee, played a pivotal role in drafting the Constitution of India. *Q: What is the significance of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's contribution?* A: Dr. Ambedkar's contribution to the Constitution is monumental, as he ensured that the document enshrined social justice, equality, and fundamental rights for all citizens. *Q: What are some key features of the Indian Constitution?* A: Some key features include: - Sovereign, Democratic, and Secular nation - Fundamental Rights and Duties - Directive Principles of State Policy - Parliamentary system of government *Q: What is the correct sequence of the values mentioned in the Preamble to the Constitution?* A: The correct sequence is: Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. *Q: What does each value in the Prea...

📚 Notes: Confronting Marginalisation Introduction to Marginalisation  * Marginalised groups face inequality and discrimination, struggling against exclusion or domination by others.  * They have used various strategies to overcome their situation: religious solace, armed struggle, self-improvement, education, and economic upliftment.  * The chosen strategy depends on the circumstances of the marginalised group. Invoking Fundamental Rights  * The Constitution of India lays down democratic principles, central to which is the list of Fundamental Rights. These rights are available equally to all Indians.  * Marginalised groups use Fundamental Rights in two ways:    * Insisting on their rights to force the government to recognize injustice.    * Insisting that the government enforce these laws.  * The struggles of the marginalised have influenced the government to frame new laws consistent with the spirit of Fundamental Rights. Key Articles ...

  --- Notes  What is a market? A market is a place or system where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods and services for a price. It can be physical (a bazaar, weekly market) or non-physical (online) but the basic idea is that people who want to buy and people who want to sell come together.   Types of markets 1. Shops in the neighbourhood – small shops near our homes. We can visit any day, they are convenient.  2. Weekly markets – they occur on certain days in a place, many goods in one place, more competition may lead to better prices.  3. Shopping complexes and malls – in urban areas many shops in one building, branded goods, higher investment, somewhat different from small shops.  4. Chain of markets or supply chain – goods move from producers to wholesalers to retailers to consumers. This shows how items reach us from far off places.  Features of markets * Presence of buyers and sellers.  * Flow of goods and services. * Price determ...

---  Notes  The lesson explores how in medieval India different religious teachers and movements emphasised devotion (bhakti) and personal experience of the divine, rather than just ritual or caste-based religion.  It shows how these devotional paths crossed social boundaries of caste, gender and age.  It looks at Hindu Bhakti traditions (Alvars, Nayanars, Virashaivas, etc.), Sufi saints in Islam, and finally the emerging Sikh movement of Guru Nanak.  The lesson highlights that these paths emphasised inner experience, equality of all, and removal of ritualistic or caste barriers. Key Streams / Traditions 1. Hindu devotional streams    The Alvars (south India) who sang in Tamil about Lord Vishnu; the Nayanars who sang about Shiva.     The Virashaiva or Lingayat tradition in Karnataka (e.g., Basavanna, Allama Prabhu, Akkamahadevi) emphasised direct relationship with Shiva, rejected caste, ritual.     The role of teachers such as Shank...