THE GALAXY AND THE LIVING WORLD

1. Match the following: Subadar— Provincial governor Faujdar — A Mughal military commander Ijjaradar — A revenue farmer Misl — A band of Sikh warriors Chauth— Tax levied by the Marathas Kunbis— Maratha peasant warriors Umara— A high noble 2. Fill in the blanks: (a) Aurangzeb fought a protracted war in the Deccan. (b) Umara and jagirdars constituted powerful sections of the Mughal administration. (c) Asaf Jah founded the Hyderabad state in 1724. (d) The founder of the Awadh state was Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa’adat Khan. 3. State whether true or false: (a) Nadir Shah invaded Bengal. — False (b) Sawai Raja Jai Singh was the ruler of Indore. — False (c) Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs. — True (d) Poona became the capital of the Marathas in the eighteenth century. — True 4. What were the offices held by Sa’adat Khan? The offices held by Sa’adat Khan were subadari, faujdari and diwani. 5. Why did the Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal try to do away with the jagirdari system? The Nawabs of...

1. Answer the following questions. (i) Why are people considered a resource? People are considered a nation's greatest resource because nature's bounty becomes significant only when people find it useful. It is people with their demands and abilities that turn objects into 'resources.' Hence, human resource is the ultimate resource. (ii) What are the causes for the uneven distribution of population in the world? Population distribution is uneven due to various factors: - Geographical Factors: People prefer living on plains (like the Ganga plains) rather than mountains, and in areas with moderate climates and available fresh water. - Economic Factors: Industrial areas (like Mumbai or Osaka) provide employment opportunities, attracting more people. - Social & Cultural Factors: Areas with better housing, education, and health facilities are densely populated. Religious or cultural significance also attracts people to certain places (like Varanasi or Jerusalem). (iii) T...

Question 1: The health condition in our country is poor. Justify. Answer: Our country has money, knowledge, and people with experience but cannot make the necessary healthcare available to all.  * The number of doctors is much less in rural areas because most doctors prefer to practice in urban areas.  * Clean drinking water is not available to all. 21% of communicable diseases are water borne.  * Many children do not get adequate food and water and are undernourished. Question 2: What problems do we face in private hospitals? Answer: 1. Private hospitals are concentrated in urban areas and the cost is high. 2. Many people cannot afford to buy expensive medicines. 3. To earn money these private hospitals encourage incorrect and expensive practices even when cheaper methods are available. Question 3: What steps should be taken by the government to provide healthcare facilities to all? Answer: 1. The government must safeguard the right of life of every person. 2. It is the ...

Q1. Why do you think there are so few cases of private water supply in the world? Ans: 1. Profit Motive: Private companies operate primarily for profit. Providing clean, safe water at affordable rates for the entire population is often not profitable enough for them. 2. Affordability: If private companies take over, the cost of water increases significantly. This makes it unaffordable for the poor, depriving a majority of the population of a basic necessity. 3. Universal Access: Public facilities are meant to be provided to everyone regardless of their income. Since private companies focus only on those who can pay, they are not suitable for providing essential services like water on a large scale. Q2. Do you think water in Chennai is available and affordable by all? Discuss. Ans: No, water in Chennai is neither equally available nor affordable for everyone: * Availability: Senior government officials in areas like Anna Nagar enjoy 24-hour tap water. In contrast, middle-class areas lik...

NCERT Solutions: Human Environment Interactions 1. Answer the following questions: i. Name the continent in which the Amazon Basin is located. Answer: The Amazon Basin is located in the continent of South America. ii. What are the crops grown by the people of the Amazon Basin? Answer: The people of the Amazon Basin primarily grow tapioca, pineapple, and sweet potato. They also grow Manioc (cassava) as a staple food and cash crops like coffee, maize, and cocoa. iii. Name the birds that you are likely to find in the rainforests of the Amazon. Answer: You are likely to find Toucans, Hummingbirds, and the Bird of Paradise with their brilliantly colored plumage. iv. What are the major cities located on the River Ganga? Answer: Several big cities and towns are located along the River Ganga, including Allahabad (Prayagraj), Kanpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Patna, and Kolkata. v. Where is the one-horned rhinoceros found? Answer: The one-horned rhinoceros is found in the Brahmaputra Plain (specifical...

  Question 1: Why were people dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s? Solution: The dissatisfaction with British rule intensified in the 1870s and 1880s. The main reason was the two Acts passed by the British. 1. The Arms Act, 1878 2. The Vernacular Press Act, 1878 The Arms Act disallowed Indians from possessing arms and the Vernacular Press Act allowed the government to confiscate the assets of newspapers including their printing presses if the newspapers published anything that was found objectionable. --- Question 2: Who did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for? Solution: Indian National Congress wished to speak for all the people of India, irrespective of class, colour, caste, creed, language, or gender. It stated that India, its resources and systems were not of any one class or community of India, but of all the different communities of India. --- Question 3: What economic impact did the First World War have on India? Solution: The First World War cha...