THE GALAXY AND THE LIVING WORLD

Law and Social Justice - Introduction:- In our daily lives, we interact with various individuals and institutions, from shopkeepers and factory owners to large corporations. While these interactions can be mutually beneficial, they can also lead to exploitation and injustice, particularly for vulnerable groups like workers, consumers, and the environment. This chapter, "Law and Social Justice," explores the crucial role of laws in ensuring fairness and protecting the interests of all members of society. We will examine how laws are designed to address issues like worker exploitation, environmental degradation, and unfair market practices. We will also delve into the importance of law enforcement and the role of the government in promoting social justice and creating a level playing field for everyone. Through real-world examples like the Bhopal Gas Tragedy, we will understand the consequences of neglecting social justice and the importance of strong legal frameworks for a jus...

DELHI UNDER SULTANS  Notes:- - Delhi Sultanate was founded in 1206 and lasted until 1526. - It was an Islamic empire-based government that ruled a large part of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years. - The Sultanate was ruled by five dynasties: Slave, Khalji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, and Lodi. - The capitals of the Delhi Sultanate were Lahore, Badaun, Delhi, Daulatabad, and Agra at different times. - The first Sultan of Delhi was Qutb al-Din Aibak, and the last Sultan was Ibrahim Lodi. - The most popular female Sultan was Razia Sultana. - The Delhi Sultanate made significant contributions to Indian art, architecture, and culture. Question Answers:- Q1. Who founded the Delhi Sultanate? Answer: Qutb al-Din Aibak founded the Delhi Sultanate in 1206. Q2. What was the language of administration under the Delhi Sultans? Answer: The language of administration under the Delhi Sultans was Persian. Q3. In whose reign did the Sultanate reach its farthest extent? Answer: The Sultanate reached its fart...

Human Environment Interactions (The Tropical and the Subtropical Region) Section 1: Short Answer Questions 1. Name the continent in which the Amazon Basin is located. Answer: South America. 2. What are the crops grown by the people of the Amazon Basin? Answer: Tapioca, pineapple, sweet potatoes, cassava (manioc), maize, coffee, and cocoa. 3. Name the birds that you are likely to find in the rainforests of the Amazon. Answer: Toucans, hummingbirds, and birds of paradise with their brilliantly colored plumage and oversized bills. 4. What are the major cities located on the river Ganga? Answer: Dev Prayag, Rishikesh, Haridwar, Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi, and Patna. 5. Where are the one-horned rhinoceros found?Answer: In Assam. Section 2: Multiple Choice Questions 1. Toucans are a type of a) birds b) animals c) crops Answer: a) birds 2. Manioc is the staple food of a) Ganga Basin b) Africa c) Amazon Answer: c) Amazon 3. Kolkata is located on the river a) Orange b) Hooghly c) Bhagirathi An...

 The Sixth Ocean: A Rift in Time In the vast deserts of Ethiopia, a remarkable geological event has been unfolding since 2005: the East African Rift. This extraordinary 35-mile-long crack is more than just a fissure in the earth; it's a potential birthplace for Earth's sixth ocean. This phenomenon has the power to dramatically alter our planet's geography, reshape the socio-economic landscape of Africa, and even redraw political boundaries. The driving force behind this dramatic transformation is plate tectonics. The Earth's crust is comprised of massive plates that move atop the semi-fluid mantle. These plates have shaped our planet for millions of years, responsible for both the formation and the breakup of continents. In the case of the East African Rift, the Somalian tectonic plate is gradually pulling away from the Nubian plate. This separation echoes the monumental split of South America and Africa hundreds of millions of years ago. This gradual shift, documente...

The Sixth Ocean: A Rift in Time A remarkable geological phenomenon has been unfolding in the vast deserts of Ethiopia since 2005: the East African Rift. This extraordinary 35-mile-long fissure is more than just a crack in the Earth's surface; it's a potential birthplace for the planet's sixth ocean. This phenomenon has the power to dramatically alter the planet's geography, reshape Africa's socio-economic landscape, and even redraw political boundaries. The driving force behind this transformation is plate tectonics. The Earth's crust is comprised of massive plates that move atop the semi-fluid mantle. These plates have shaped the planet for millions of years, responsible for both the formation and breakup of continents. In the case of the East African Rift, the Somalian tectonic plate is gradually pulling away from the Nubian plate. This separation echoes the monumental split of South America and Africa hundreds of millions of years ago. Studies reveal that the...

 श्रीमद्भागवतगीता के अनुसार असफलता के तीन कारण श्रीमद्भागवतगीता एक ऐसा ग्रंथ है जो न केवल धर्म, बल्कि जीवन जीने की कला भी सिखाता है। भगवद्गीता में भगवान श्रीकृष्ण ने अर्जुन को जो उपदेश दिए, वे आज भी उतने ही प्रासंगिक हैं। इन उपदेशों में से एक महत्वपूर्ण विषय है सफलता और असफलता। श्रीकृष्ण ने बताया है कि कुछ विशिष्ट गुणों के कारण व्यक्ति असफलता का सामना करता है। आइए इन गुणों के बारे में विस्तार से जानें: 1. अत्यधिक लगाव:   समस्या: जब हम किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु या विचार से अत्यधिक जुड़ जाते हैं, तो हमारा ध्यान और ऊर्जा उस ओर केंद्रित हो जाती है। इससे हम अपने लक्ष्यों से भटक जाते हैं और जीवन के अन्य महत्वपूर्ण पहलुओं को नज़रअंदाज कर देते हैं।   उपाय: हमें उन चीजों से दूरी बनानी चाहिए जिनसे हम अत्यधिक जुड़े हुए हैं। संतुलन बनाए रखना महत्वपूर्ण है। 2. घमंड:   समस्या: घमंड व्यक्ति को अंधा बना देता है। घमंडी व्यक्ति अपनी गलतियों को स्वीकार नहीं करता और दूसरों की बातों को नहीं मानता। यह गुण व्यक्ति को अकेला बना देता है और उसकी प्रगति में बाधा बनता है।   उपाय: हमें अपनी कमजोर...

The Russian Revolution, a watershed event of the 20th century, was a complex and multifaceted process that transformed the Russian Empire into the world's first socialist state. It unfolded in several distinct phases, each driven by a confluence of long-standing social, economic, and political grievances, exacerbated by the strains of World War I. I. The Seeds of Revolution: Pre-Revolutionary Russia (Early 20th Century)  - Autocratic Rule: Tsar Nicholas II ruled Russia as an autocrat, wielding absolute power and suppressing any form of political dissent. This rigid and unresponsive system fueled widespread resentment and a desire for political reform. The Okhrana, the Tsar's secret police, played a key role in repressing opposition.  - Socioeconomic Inequality: Russian society was deeply stratified, with a small, wealthy elite (including the nobility and burgeoning industrial capitalists) living in stark contrast to the vast majority of the population.    - Peasant ...

 Mineral and energy resources What is a Mineral? A mineral is defined as a “homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.” Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc. Rocks are combinations of homogeneous substances called minerals. Mode of Occurrence of Minerals Minerals are usually found in “ores”. The term ore is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements. Minerals generally occur in the following forms: In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. The decomposition of surface rocks and the removal of soluble constituents also form the minerals. Minerals also occur as alluvial deposits in the sands of valley floors and the base of hills. The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals. Classification of Minerals Ferrous Minerals Ferrous mi...

 Drainage The area drained by a single river system is called a drainage basin. Any elevated area, such as a mountain or an upland which separates two drainage basins, is known as a water divide. Drainage Systems in India The Indian rivers are divided into two major groups: The Himalayan rivers The Peninsular rivers The Himalayan Rivers The major Himalayan rivers are the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. A river, along with its tributaries, may be called a river system. 1) The Indus River System Indus is one of the longest rivers in the world, with a total length of 2900 km. The river Indus rises in Tibet near Lake Mansarovar. It enters India in the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir, where it forms a picturesque gorge. The Satluj, the Beas, the Ravi, the Chenab and the Jhelum join together to enter the Indus near Mithankot in Pakistan. 2) The Ganga River System The source of the Ganga called the ‘Bhagirathi’, is fed by the Gangotri Glacier and joined by the Alaknanda at Deva...

 POLITICAL PARTIES  Why Do We Need Political Parties? A Political Party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for society with a view to promoting the collective good. Parties reflect fundamental political divisions in society. Thus, a party is known by which part it stands for, which policies it supports and whose interests it upholds. A political party has three components: The leaders The active members The followers Functions of Political Parties Political parties fill political offices and exercise political power. Parties do so by performing a series of functions mentioned below: Parties contest elections. Parties put forward different policies and programmes, and the voters choose from them. Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Parties form and run governments. Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in powe...

The First Printed Books Print in China • The earliest print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. • By the seventeenth century, as urban culture bloomed in China, the uses of print diversified. • In the late nineteenth century, western printing techniques and mechanical presses were imported as Western powers established their outposts in China.  • Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture. Print in Japan • Around AD 768-770, Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan. • The Buddhist Diamond Sutra was the oldest Japanese book which was printed in AD 868. Print Comes to Europe • In the 11th century, Chinese paper reached Europe via the silk route. • In 1295, Marco Polo, a great explorer, returned to Italy from China and brought printing knowledge back with him. • Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe. → As the demand for books increased, booksellers all over Eu...

 Manufacturing Industries Importance of Manufacturing The manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of general and economic development because: Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture. It helps in reducing the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them with jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. It helps eradicate unemployment and poverty in our country. It helps in reducing regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas. The export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and helps in bringing foreign exchange. Countries with large numbers of manufacturing industries are prosperous. Agricultural sector and manufacturing sector move hand in hand The given statement means that agricultural and manufacturing industries are not exclusive of each other and are quite interconnected. Agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity and efficiency. Agro-indus...

 RISE OF NAZISM  Birth of the Weimar Republic In the early years of the twentieth century, Germany fought the First World War (1914-1918) alongside the Austrian Empire and against the Allies (England, France and Russia.). All resources of Europe were drained out because of the war. Germany occupied France and Belgium. But, unfortunately, the Allies, strengthened by the US entry in 1917, won, defeating Germany and the Central Powers in November 1918. At Weimar, the National Assembly met and established a democratic constitution with a federal structure. In the German Parliament, deputies were elected on the basis of equal and universal votes cast by all adults, including women. Germany lost its overseas colonies. The War Guilt Clause held Germany responsible for the war and the damages the Allied countries suffered. The Allied armies occupied Rhineland in the 1920s. The Effects of the War The entire continent was devastated by the war, both psychologically and financially. The ...