Class IX Social Science Important Terms and Points

Class IX Social Science Important Terms and Points

History

French Revolution

1. Estates-General: A representative assembly in France that represented the three estates: clergy, nobility, and commoners.

2. National Assembly: A representative assembly that adopted the Tennis Court Oath and played a key role in the French Revolution.

3. Tennis Court Oath: A pledge by the National Assembly to create a new constitution and establish a constitutional monarchy.

4. Bastille: A symbol of the absolute monarchy that was stormed by the people on July 14, 1789.

5. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: A document that enshrined the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

Socialism in Europe

1. Socialism: An ideology that emphasizes equality and collective ownership of the means of production.

2. Karl Marx: A German philosopher who wrote Das Kapital and advocated for socialism.

3. Das Capital: A book that critiqued capitalism and advocated for socialism.

4. Communism: A system in which all property is collectively owned and there is no private ownership.

5. The Communist Manifesto: A pamphlet written by Marx and Engels that outlined the principles of communism.

Nazism and Rise of Hitler

1. Nazism: A fascist ideology that emphasized German nationalism and racism.

2. Adolf Hitler: The leader of the Nazi Party who rose to power in Germany in the 1930s.

3. Mein Kampf: Hitler's autobiography and manifesto that outlined his vision for Germany.

4. The Holocaust: The systematic persecution and extermination of Jews and other minority groups by the Nazis.

5. Nuremberg Laws: Laws that stripped Jews of their citizenship and rights.

Polity

What is Democracy? Why Democracy?

1. Democracy: A system of government in which power is held by the people.

2. Participatory democracy: A system in which citizens participate directly in decision-making.

3. Representative democracy: A system in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions.

4. Liberty: The freedom to make choices and express opinions.

5. Equality: The principle that all citizens are equal and have equal rights.

Constitutional Design

1. Constitution: A document that outlines the principles and structure of government.

2. Preamble: The introduction to the Constitution that sets out the purpose and objectives of the document.

3. Fundamental Rights: Rights that are guaranteed to all citizens and cannot be taken away.

4. Directive Principles of State Policy: Guidelines for the government to follow in making policies.

5. Federalism: A system in which power is divided between the central government and states.

Electoral Politics

1. Election: A process in which citizens choose their representatives.

2. Universal Adult Franchise: The right of all adult citizens to vote.

3. Secret Ballot: A system in which voters cast their ballots in secret.

4. Political Party: An organization that seeks to elect candidates to office.

5. Campaign: The process of promoting a candidate or party.

Working of Institutions

1. Legislature: The branch of government that makes laws.

2. Executive: The branch of government that enforces laws.

3. Judiciary: The branch of government that interprets laws.

4. Separation of Powers: The division of power among the three branches.

5. Checks and Balances: The system of limits on each branch's power.

Democratic Rights

1. Right to Freedom: The right to express opinions and make choices.

2. Right to Equality: The right to equal treatment and opportunities.

3. Right to Life and Liberty: The right to life, liberty, and security.

4. Right to Freedom of Religion: The right to practice and propagate one's religion.

5. Right to Constitutional Remedies: The right to seek justice through the courts.

Geography

India: Size and Location

1. Latitude: The distance north or south of the equator.

2. Longitude: The distance east or west of the prime meridian.

3. Tropic of Cancer: The line that marks the northernmost point of the sun's path.

4. Indian Ocean: The ocean that surrounds India on three sides.

5. Himalayan Mountains: The mountain range that forms India's northern border.

Physical Features of India

1. Mountains: The Himalayas, the Eastern Ghats, and the Western Ghats.

2. Plains: The Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Deccan Plateau.

3. Plateaus: The Deccan Plateau and the Chota Nagpur Plateau.

4. Islands: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands.

5. Deserts: The Thar Desert and the Cold Desert.

Drainage

1. River: A natural flow of water.

2. Drainage basin: The area of land that drains into a river.

3. Watershed: The line that separates two drainage basins.

4. Tributary: A river that flows into another river.

5. Delta: The land formed by the deposition of sediment at the mouth of a river.

Climate

1. Tropics: The region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.

2. Temperate: The region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle, and between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle.

3. Monsoon: A seasonal wind that brings rain to India.

4. Climate zone: A region with a specific climate.

5. Weather: The temporary and local conditions of the atmosphere.

Population

1. Population density: The number of people per unit area.

2. Population distribution: The way people are spread out across an area.

3. Urbanization: The movement of people from rural to urban areas.

4. Migration: The movement of people from one place to another.

5. Demography: The study of population.

Economics

People as Resource

1. Human resource: The skills, knowledge, and experience of individuals.

2. Human capital: The investment in education, training, and health.

3. Productivity: The output per unit of input.

4. Economic growth: The increase in the production of goods and services.

5. Development: The improvement in the quality of life.

Poverty as Challenge

1. Poverty: The state of being extremely poor.

2. Poverty line: The minimum level of income required to meet basic needs.

3. Below Poverty Line (BPL): Individuals or families with income below the poverty line.

4. Unemployment: The state of being without a job.

5. Underemployment: The state of being employed, but not fully utilized.

Food Security in India

1. Food security: The availability of sufficient, safe, and nutritious food.

2. Foodgrains: Crops such as wheat, rice, and maize.

3. Buffer stock: The stock of foodgrains maintained by the government.

4. Public Distribution System (PDS): The system of distributing foodgrains to the poor.

5. Food for Work Programme: A program that provides food in exchange for labor.