Important terminology SOCIAL SCIENCE

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Important terminology of Social Science:







Geography

Lesson 1: Environment

1. Environment: surroundings in which humans, animals, and plants live

2. Ecosystem: a community of living organisms and non-living components

3. Biotic: living components of the environment

4. Abiotic: non-living components of the environment

5. Natural resources: resources provided by nature


Lesson 5: Water

1. Hydrosphere: the region of water on Earth

2. Water cycle: the process of water circulation between Earth and atmosphere

3. Evaporation: process of water changing from liquid to gas

4. Condensation: process of water vapor changing back to liquid

5. Precipitation: water falling back to Earth as rain, snow, or hail


Lesson 6: Human Environment Interactions

1. Human environment interactions: relationships between humans and their environment

2. Sustainable development: meeting present needs without harming future generations

3. Environmental degradation: damage to the environment

4. Conservation: protecting and preserving natural resources


Lesson 7: Life in the Desert

1. Desert: a dry and hot region with limited vegetation

2. Arid: extremely dry

3. Oasis: a fertile spot in a desert

4. Adaptation: adjustments made by living organisms to survive in their environment


History

Lesson 1: Tracing changes through a thousand years

1. Medieval: relating to the Middle Ages (5th-15th centuries)

2. Feudalism: a system where lords granted land to vassals in exchange for loyalty and service

3. Guilds: associations of craftsmen or merchants

4. Manorial system: a system where lords owned land and peasants worked it in exchange for protection


Lesson 5: Tribes, nomads and settled communities

1. Tribe: a group of people with a common culture and language

2. Nomad: a person who moves from place to place without a fixed home

3. Settled community: a group of people living in a fixed location

4. Pastoralist: a person who herds animals


Lesson 7: The making of Regional Cultures

1. Regional culture: a culture specific to a particular region

2. Tradition: a custom or way of doing things passed down from generation to generation

3. Heritage: valuable things passed down from the past

4. Regional identity: a sense of belonging to a particular region


Lesson 8: Eighteenth century political formations

1. Kingdom: a state ruled by a king or queen

2. Empire: a large territory ruled by an emperor

3. Confederation: a loose alliance of states or regions

4. Dynasty: a series of rulers from the same family


Civics

Lesson 1: On equality

1. Equality: the state of being equal in status, rights, and opportunities

2. Discrimination: treating someone unfairly because of their characteristics

3. Justice: fairness and equality in the application of laws and rules

4. Rights: freedoms and privileges guaranteed to individuals


Lesson 4: Growing up as boys and girls

1. Socialization: the process of learning social norms and behaviors

2. Stereotype: a fixed and oversimplified idea about a group of people

3. Gender: the social and cultural roles associated with being male or female

4. Equality: treating boys and girls with equal respect and opportunities


Lesson 7: Understanding media

1. Media: channels of communication, such as newspapers, television, and internet

2. Information: facts and data

3. Disinformation: false or misleading information

4. Propaganda: information or messages spread to influence people's opinions


Lesson 8: Markets around us

1. Market: a place where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods and services

2. Consumer: a person who buys goods and services

3. Producer: a person or organization that creates goods and services

4. Economy: the system of production, distribution, and exchange of goods and services




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