Class 8 Geography Chapter 2: Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation, and Wildlife Resources

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 Class 8 Geography Chapter 2: Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation, and Wildlife Resources

Land

- Land Use: Land is used for various purposes such as agriculture, forestry, mining, building houses, roads, and setting up industries.

- Factors Determining Land Use: Topography, soil, climate, minerals, and availability of water are key factors.

- Land Division: Private land (owned by individuals) and community land (owned by the community for common uses).


Soil

- Soil Formation: Influenced by parent rock, climate, relief, flora, fauna, and microorganisms.

- Soil Degradation: Caused by soil erosion and depletion.

- Soil Conservation Methods:

    - Mulching: Covering bare ground with organic matter to retain moisture.

    - Terrace Farming: Creating flat steps on steep slopes to reduce runoff and erosion.

    - Intercropping: Growing different crops in alternate rows to protect soil.


Water

- Water Conservation: Essential due to limited freshwater resources.

- Methods of Water Conservation:

    - Increasing forest cover to slow surface runoff.

    - Replenishing underground water through rainwater harvesting.

    - Reducing water loss in irrigation.


Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

- Types of Vegetation: Forests, grasslands, scrubs, and tundra, determined by rainfall and climate.

- Wildlife Conservation: Establishing national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves.

- Importance of Conservation: Preserving ecological integrity and protecting endangered species.


NCERT Questions and Answers

1. What are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation?

    - Temperature and rainfall.

2. Why is land considered an important resource?

    - Land provides surface for agriculture, living, forestry, industries, construction, etc.

3. What are the major types of vegetation in the world?

    - Forests, grasslands, scrubs, and tundra.


Extra Questions and Answers

1. What is the full form of CITES?

    - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

2. What are the major threats to soil as a resource?

    - Soil erosion and depletion.

3. How much time period is required for the formation of just one centimeter of soil?

    - Hundreds of years.

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