Human resources class VIII

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- People are a nation's greatest resource.

- Human resources are not equally distributed over the world.

- Distribution of population refers to the way people are spread across the earth's surface.


*Factors Affecting Population Distribution*


- Geographical factors:

    - Topography: People prefer living on plains rather than mountains and plateaus.

    - Water: People prefer living in areas where fresh water is easily available.

- Social factors:

    - Social amenities: Areas with better housing, education, and health facilities are more densely populated.

    - Economic factors: Industrial areas provide employment opportunities.


*Population Change*


- Population change occurs due to birth rate, death rate, and migration.

- Birth rate is the number of births per 1,000 people.

- Death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people.

- Natural growth rate is the difference between birth rate and death rate.


*Population Composition*


- Population composition refers to the structure of the population.

- It includes age, sex, education, occupation, and income levels.

- A population pyramid is a graphical representation of the age-sex composition of a population.


*Population Density*


- Population density refers to the number of people living in a unit area of the earth's surface.

- India's population density is 382 persons per sq km.


*Key Terms:*


- *Population distribution:* The way people are spread across the earth's surface.

- *Population density:* The number of people living in a unit area of the earth's surface.

- *Birth rate:* The number of births per 1,000 people.

- *Death rate:* The number of deaths per 1,000 people.

- *Natural growth rate:* The difference between birth rate and death rate.

- *Population pyramid:* A graphical representation of the age-sex composition of a population.


*Important Points:*


- The world population has grown rapidly due to advancements in science and technology.

- The population of a country is influenced by various factors, including birth rate, death rate, and migration.

- Understanding population composition is essential for planning and development.


*Questions and Answers:*


1. What are the causes for the uneven distribution of population in the world?

Answer: Geographical factors (topography, water) and social factors (social amenities, economic factors).

2. What is population density?

Answer: The number of people living in a unit area of the earth's surface.

3. What is a population pyramid?

Answer: A graphical representation of the age-sex composition of a population.


*Summary:*


- Human resources are essential for a nation's development.

- Population distribution is influenced by geographical and social factors.

- Understanding population change, composition, and density is crucial for planning and development.




 Population pyramids:


1. *Definition:* A population pyramid is a graphical illustration of the distribution of a population by age groups and sex.

2. *Types of Population Pyramids:*

    - Expansive (Pyramid Shape): Wide base (high birth rates), narrow top (high mortality/low life expectancy) – typical for developing nations with rapid growth.

    - Constrictive (Column/Beehive): Narrower base than middle (lower birth rates), wider middle (aging population) – common in developed nations with lower fertility.

    - Stationary/Columnar (Rectangular): Even bars (low birth/death rates), indicating slow or zero growth.

3. *Uses and Importance:*

    - Demographic Analysis: Understands population structure and history.

    - Policy Planning: Helps plan for healthcare, education, and pensions.

    - Economic Forecasting: Informs workforce planning and dependency ratios (young/old dependents vs. working-age).

4. *Key Features and Structure:*

    - Axes: Vertical axis shows age groups (usually 5-year intervals); horizontal axis shows population count or percentage.

    - Gender Split: Males typically on the left, females on the right.

    - Bars: Length of each bar indicates the size of that age/sex group.



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