THE GALAXY AND THE LIVING WORLD

राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद (NCERT) द्वारा राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति (NEP 2020) के तहत स्कूली शिक्षा के लिए लाए जा रहे बड़े बदलावों की कड़ी में, अब माध्यमिक और उच्च माध्यमिक कक्षाओं (9वीं से 12वीं) के लिए नया पाठ्यक्रम और पुस्तकें जारी करने की समय-सारणी लगभग तय हो चुकी है। यह परिवर्तन राष्ट्रीय पाठ्यचर्या रूपरेखा (NCF-SE)पर आधारित होगा, जिसका उद्देश्य छात्रों को रटने की प्रणाली से निकालकर रचनात्मकता, आलोचनात्मक सोच और वास्तविक दुनिया के कौशल से लैस करना है। --- 📚 कब मिलेंगी नई NCERT किताबें? पहली से 8वीं कक्षा तक के लिए नई पुस्तकें पहले ही चरणों में जारी की जा चुकी हैं। अब सभी की निगाहें 9वीं से 12वीं तक की नई किताबों पर टिकी हैं। NCERT ने इनकी उपलब्धता के लिए निम्नलिखित समय-सीमा तय की है: | कक्षा | नई किताबों की उपलब्धता का लक्ष्य | | 9वीं और 11वीं | फरवरी 2026 तक ज्यादातर किताबें | | 10वीं और 12वीं | जुलाई 2026 तक सभी किताबें | यह स्पष्ट है कि शैक्षणिक सत्र 2026-27 से ये सभी कक्षाएं पूरी तरह से नए पैटर्न पर आधारित पुस्तकों से पढ़ाई करेंगी। NCERT के निदेशक प्रोफेसर दिने...

Important Notes 1. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in ________.,(B) January 1915. 2. Who organized the Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930?,(A) B.R. Ambedkar. 3. Which of the following statements is true about the Rowlatt Act (1919)?,(C) It allowed the detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. 4. What was one of the main reasons behind Mahatma Gandhi's decision to take up the Khilafat Issue?,(A) To bring more unity among Hindus and Muslims. 5. Who is the author of the book Hind Swaraj (1909)?,(D) Mahatma Gandhi. 6. At which Congress session was the Non-Cooperation programme adopted in December 1920?,(C) Nagpur. 7. Swaraj Party was formed by_____.,(C) C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru. "8. Under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress Session of 1929 formalized the demand of______.",(B) 'Purna Swaraj' or complete independence. "9. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to__...

  STUDENT DEVELOPMENT AND WELLNESS  BY:AMAN MAAN, STUDENTS COUNSELLOR DATE OF ISSUE: OCTOBER 26, 2025 I N T R O D U C T I O N This report outlines key areas essential for holistic student success, covering academic strategy, personal well-being, and social integration. It is intended to serve as a comprehensive guideline for maximizing potential and managing the pressures of student life effectively. Every facet of a student’s experience, from classroom performance to emotional health, contributes to their overall trajectory. A C A D E M I C S T R A T E G Y CONSISTENT STUDY HABITS Success in studies relies heavily on consistency, not just last-minute effort. Students should establish a daily routine that includes dedicated study blocks, even on weekends. Active recall techniques, such as flashcards and teaching the material to others, must be prioritized over passive reading. Time management tools and scheduling must be used diligently to allocate appropriate focus to each sub...

 भविष्य की उड़ान: 2028 से दिल्ली के आसमान में ₹500 में उड़ेंगी एयर टैक्सी। सपनों को लगेंगे पंख,तैयारी पूरी.. फ्लाइंग टैक्सी पर अमन मान की खास रिपोर्ट। भारत में जल्द ही आसमान से सफर करने का सपना साकार होने वाला है। पंजाब के एक स्टार्टअप, नलवा एयरो, ने एक क्रांतिकारी इलेक्ट्रिक वर्टिकल टेक-ऑफ एंड लैंडिंग (ईवीटॉल) एयर टैक्सी विकसित की है, जो न केवल ट्रैफिक की समस्या खत्म कर देगी, बल्कि सफर को किफायती भी बनाएगी। तीन घंटे का सफर सिर्फ 12 मिनट में भारत में एयर टैक्सी की शुरुआत की संभावना साल 2028 से जताई जा रही है, जिसकी शुरुआत दिल्ली-एनसीआर से होगी। यह टेक्नोलॉजी सफर के समय को नाटकीय रूप से कम कर देगी। उदाहरण के लिए, आईजीआई एयरपोर्ट से आनंद विहार, नोएडा, गाजियाबाद या पानीपत तक सड़क मार्ग से जाने में जहाँ एक से तीन घंटे लग जाते हैं, वहीं यह ईवीटॉल टैक्सी यह दूरी मात्र 10 से 12 मिनट में तय कर देगी। सबसे बड़ी बात यह है कि कंपनी ने शुरुआती किराया लगभग ₹500 प्रति व्यक्ति रखने का अनुमान लगाया है। स्वदेशी तकनीक और उच्च सुरक्षा मोहाली स्थित नलवा एयरो द्वारा विकसित यह ईवीटॉल (5-सीटर) पूरी तरह से...

 The notes below cover Chapter 7: Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities from Class 7th History.    The Existing Varna System In a large portion of the Indian subcontinent, society was traditionally structured and divided according to the rules of the varna system. These rules, which were laid down primarily by the Brahmanas, were generally accepted and implemented by the rulers of the major kingdoms. ### Tribal Societies Beyond the Cities Many communities existed outside the framework of the established large kingdoms, particularly in forested, hilly, desert, and other remote or difficult-to-reach areas. These communities, known as tribes, did not adhere to the social rules, rituals, and divisions prescribed by the Brahmanas. While the caste-based societies and the tribal societies maintained their separate identities, they often depended on each other to fulfill various needs through trade and interaction.  Identification of Tribal Peoples Across the Subcontinent T...

Understanding Media from Class 7th Civics ## 1. What is Mass Media? 📺📰 * **Media** refers to all means of communication. * **Mass Media** includes forms of media like **TV**, **radio**, and **newspapers** that reach millions of people, or the masses, across the country and the world. * The word 'Media' comes from the word 'Medium' (meaning a way of communication). *** ## 2. Media and Technology 📡 * Mass media needs certain **technologies** to reach millions of people. The technology used keeps changing. * **Print Media** includes newspapers and magazines. * **Electronic Media** includes TV and radio. * Advanced technology, like **satellites** and **cables**, allows television images to travel huge distances. This is why we can watch news and entertainment from around the world. *** ## 3. Media and Money 💸 * The technologies used by mass media are **expensive** (cost of equipment, cameras, lights, etc.). * Mass media needs a lot of **money** to run its work, which in...

A Comprehensive Report on India's Readiness for CBSE's Competency-Based Exam Format  The Policy Shift: From Rote Learning to Competency The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has initiated a significant reform in its Class 10 board examinations, transitioning from traditional memory-based questions to competency-based assessments. This move is mandated by the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which aims to foster critical thinking, problem-solving, and the real-world application of knowledge, moving away from rote learning. Under the new exam structure, 80 percent of the Class 10 papers are now designed to test competencies. This distribution breaks down as follows: 40 percent of marks come from Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) multiple-choice questions, which assess analysis and reasoning.  Another 40 percent focuses on testing conceptual understanding.  Only 20 percent remains based on factual recall. This fundamental change redefines the purpose of educ...

Refined Report: CBSE Class 10 Deleted Syllabus for Academic Year 2025-26 Report Prepared By: | Aman Maan | |Academic Session: | 2025-26 | | Focus:| Topics Removed from the Syllabus (Rationalized Content) | - Executive Summary The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has confirmed that the syllabus for the 2025-26 academic session remains unchanged from the rationalized curriculum of the previous years. This means no new chapters or topics have been deleted this year. Students preparing for the 2026 Board Examinations must continue to exclude the subjects, chapters, and sections previously removed by CBSE and NCERT. Subject-Wise List of Major Deleted Topics The following list details the most significant deletions across the core subjects, which will not be assessed in the 2026 Class 10 Board Exam:  1. Mathematics The syllabus excludes several key areas, including a full chapter: Full Chapter Removed:Constructions (Chapter 11 in the old NCERT book). Key Topics Deleted:  ...

Rise and Development of Comparative Politics The rise and development of comparative politics span from ancient philosophical inquiry to a modern, scientific sub-discipline of political science. It transformed from a historical and legalistic comparison of Western institutions to an analytical and global study of political behavior and systems. Early Roots and Pre-20th Century Focus Comparative political inquiry is rooted in political philosophy and the desire to identify the best form of government. Ancient Era (Aristotle): Considered the father of comparative politics, Aristotle's Politics empirically compared the constitutions of 158 Greek city-states to derive general principles about political forms (monarchy, aristocracy, polity), establishing the first systemic comparison. Pre-20th Century: The focus remained largely historical and legal. Scholars like Machi and Montesquieu provided significant comparative analyses: Machi the Renaissance) used historical comparisons (e.g., A...

  ### I. The Beginnings of Print * **Origin:** The earliest kind of print technology was developed in **China, Japan, and Korea**. * **Chinese Woodblocks:** From AD 594, books in China were printed by **rubbing paper** against the inked surface of **woodblocks**. * **Japan's Print:** Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology to Japan around AD 768-770. The oldest Japanese book is the **Buddhist Diamond Sutra (AD 868)**. * **Europe's Introduction:** Woodblock print only came to Europe after **1295**, introduced by the explorer **Marco Polo** upon his return to Italy from China. ### II. The Print Revolution and Its Impact * **Gutenberg Press:** **Johann Gutenberg** of Strasbourg, Germany, developed the first functional printing press in the **1430s**.     * He used the existing olive press technology and devised a system for casting **metal movable type** for the letters of the alphabet.     * The **Gutenberg Bible** (around 180 copies p...